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代写essay如何处理引用的观点

发布时间:2018-07-04  | 点击数:993
留学生在写essay的时候,经常要引用别人的观点。但很多人在写作时,不能很好地处理这些观点,导致文章主次不够分明,甚至产生歧义。“引用”是essay写作中最常用的修辞手法,可以为文章增加论据,也能够更深入的论述观点,但如果处理不当,也会使文章内容混乱、表达不明确。那我们在写essay是改如何处理这些观点呢?一般情况下,引用别人的观点有三种:同意(Agreeing)、不同意(Disagreeing)、结合两者(some combination of both,即不完全同意,也不完全反对)。下面我们就举例分析下这三种情况的观点该如何处理。
1、反对—要解释为什么
谈到批判性思维(Critical Thinking)的时候,大家都会想到“反对”,反对的确是体现批判性思维的方法,但是提出反对的同时,也要解释反对的理由。那怎么反对的?大家要首先了解下议论文的三要素(观点 Claim、前提假设 Assumption、和证据 Evidence),大家可以去攻击对方观点的前提假设是有问题的,或者说证据是有问题的,或者可以去说对方的逻辑是有问题的。现在来介绍一些常见的模板:
X is mistaken because she overlooks recent fossil discoveries in the South.
X's claim that       rests upon the questionable assumption that             .
I disagree with X's view that        , because, as recent research has shown,            .
X contradicts herself/cannot have it both ways. On the one hand, she argues          . On the other hand, she also says          .
By focusing on        , X overlooks the deeper problem of             .
2、同意—但是要有所不同
同意的时候,要尽可能多的加入新的见解,而不是单纯炒冷饭。比如说,你可以找到一些新的证据或者新的论证方法来支持 X 的观点。如果 X 的观点非常难理解,你可以用自己的话解释一遍。一些常见的模板如下:
I agree that diversity in the student body is educationally valuable because my experience at Central University confirms it.
X is surely right about       because, as she may not be aware, recent studies have shown that          .
X's theory of       is extremely useful because it sheds light on the difficult problem of          .
Those unfamiliar with this school of thought may be interested to know that it basically boils down to           .
当你同意一个观点的时候,不可避免会讲到反面的观点,这个时候,可以用如下的模板:
I agree that        , a point that needs emphasizing since so many people still believe            .
If group X is right that       , as I think they are, then we need to reassess the popular assumption that             .
3、同意和不同意相结合
这种回应的方式比较友好,读者可能更容易去接受。根据具体的情况,有两种回应方式,一种是:Yes, but (强调反对点), 另外一种是, no, but(强调同意点),模板如下:
Although I agree with X up to a point, I cannot accept his overriding assumption that religion is no longer a major force today.
Although I disagree with much that X says, I fully endorse his final conclusion that                   .
这里meeloun还为大家提供了其他的一些常见的模板以供大家在新学期essay写作中使用:
Though I concede that          , I still insist that           .
X is right that         , but she seems on more dubious ground when she claims that        .
While X is probably wrong when she claims that        , she is right that              .
Whereas X provides ample evidence that           , Y and Z's research on      and       convinces me that        instead.

上面的三种Respond方式,无论哪一种,都必须要非常清楚地告知读者你的立场。相信这三种respond方式大家在essay写作中肯定会用得到。

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